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IT REDUCES POVERTY IN EMERGING COUNTRIES |
An objection to companies that
buy from emerging countries is that they exploit workers, since they
pay them less, often much so, than the corresponding national workers.
The workers in emerging countries operating for export certainly do not
share this view. It is quite the opposite: these jobs are highly
prized, pay more (for multinational companies an average of almost
twice) and offer a better environment than the alternative employment
for the internal market. Tasks that in rich countries are deemed low-end
(for instance those required by offshore outsourcing) yield a high social
status and are taken very seriously.
In developing countries serious
problems such as child labour certainly do exist -but it is economic growth
the long-term solution, since it solves the underlying causes -as
was the case for Italy just a few generations ago.
Another
objection to globalisation is that each emerging countries' worker assigned to export
is "one resource unavailable" for the development of his or her country.
This objection, which relates to the merits of the "closed"
economy versus the "open" economy, does not stand the facts.
In the '50s a large group of countries were more or less in the same
macroeconomic and social conditions. Some of them (for instance, Korea)
chose the open economy (opening of the local market, foreign investments,
international trade, etc) as the road to development, whereas others
(for instance, India) chose the closed economy (import restriction,
incentives to national producers, etc).
In the span of a generation the first group of countries has progressed
enormously, and the second one much less so.
This lesson is widel accepted today.
A closed economy, which targets the resources towards "national
needs" and protects the home industries with high tariffs, creates
enormous distortions in production, encourages producer inefficiencies
through lack of competition, requires a vast bureaucracy for price
and quota controls thus increasing the potential for corruption, and
denies its citizens the imported lower-cost goods.
Most of the
countries that in the '50s and '60s chose a closed economy are now
opening up.
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